儊儞僨儖偺朄懃
-僇僀僐偺棏怓偵傛傞暘棧斾偺専掕-
撍慠曄堎宯摑偲惓忢宯摑偲偺岎嶨庬媦傃偦偺師戙偵偮偄偰堚揱揑挷嵏傪峴偆嵺丆梒拵丆鍖丆惉拵偺宍幙傪挷嵏偡傞傛偆側応崌偱偼丆泎壔棪偺掅壓傗帞堢拞偺巰朣屄懱偺桳柍乮堦斒偵撍慠曄堎宯摑偼抳巰偟傗偡偄傕偺偑懡偄乯側偳偺梫場傑偱峫椂偟側偗傟偽側傜側傜偢丆帞堢側偳偺庤娫偑偐偐傞丅偟偐偟丆棏婜偵宍幙挷嵏偱偒傞側傜偽丆娙扨偵懡悢偺屄懱偵偮偄偰挷嵏偑峴偊丆堚揱揑偵夝愅偟傗偡偄乮椺偊偽撍慠曄堎偺弌尰棪乯丅
仧僇僀僐偺棏怓乮僇僀僐偺媥柊棏偱偼燋塼枌嵶朎偱怓慺崌惉偑峴傢傟傞乯 泱敪惗偼偙偪傜傊
1.嶻壓捈屻偱偼棏妅偑傎傏柍怓摟柧偱丆撪晹偺棏墿偑摟偗偰尒偊偰墿敀怓傪掓偟偰偄傞丅
2.嶻壓1
擔屻丆燋塼枌偑宍惉偝傟丆燋塼枌嵶朎偱怓慺崌惉傪巒傔傞丅
3.嶻壓2 擔栚偙傠偐傜拝怓偑恑傒丆摗憀怓乮擔杮庬乯傗惗暻怓乮拞崙庬乯偵拝怓偡傞丅
丂嶻壓侽乣俇帪娫丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂嶻壓1擔栚丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂嶻壓俀擔栚丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂嶻壓俁擔栚
4.偙偺棏乮燋塼枌嵶朎乯偺怓慺偼僉僰儗僯儞傪怓慺尨偲偟偨僆儞儌僋儘儉宯偺怓慺偱丆惉拵偺娽怓丂丂偲傎傏摨偠怓慺偱偁傞乮敀棏偐傜偼泎壔偟偨夐偼敀娽丆愒棏偐傜泎壔偟偨夐偼愒娽偲側傞乯丅丂怓慺崌惉偵偮偄偰偼偙偪傜傊
5.撍慠曄堎宯摑偱偼敀棏( w-1 丆w-2 丆pe
)丆妼怓棏( b-1 丆b-2 丆b-4
)丆愒棏乮re 乯偺宍幙傪帵偡棏怓偺撍慠曄堎宯偼 w-2丆 w-3丆pe丆re丆b-4
側偳偺傛偆偵晛捠堚揱偡傞傕偺偲丆w-1 丆b-1 丆b-2
側偳偺傛偆偵曣惈堚揱偡傞傕偺偑偁傞丅
| 僇僀僐棏偺棏怓偲娽怓 | ||||||
| 惓忢棏 | 愒棏 | 扺愒娽敀棏 | 戞俀敀棏 | 戞侾敀棏 | ||
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傛偔偁傞幙栤亀崟偄棏偼崟偄梒拵偵側傞偺偱偡偐? 敀偄棏偼敀偄梒拵偵側傞偺偱偡偐丠亁
丂梒拵懱怓偼儊儔僯儞宯怓慺傗僾僥儕僕儞宯怓慺偵傛偭偰怓偑晅偒傑偡丅偮傑傝戙幱宯傪堎偵偡傞偨傔丆棏偱怓慺崌惉傪峴傢側偄屄懱偱傕梒拵懱偱拝怓偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡乮敀棏偐傜崟媋傗崟幦嶾偑泎壔偟丆惓忢棏偐傜昉嶾偑泎壔偟偨傝偡傞乯丅偮傑傝丆敀巕(albino)偲偼堘偄傑偡丅
拲丟岎嶨宍幃偼丂帗亊梇乮梇亊帗偱偼側偄乯偺弴偱帵偡丅
丂僇僀僐偼栰惗宆偺傕偺偑側偄堊丄昗弨宆偺宍幙傪亄偱昞偡乮桪惈宍幙傪亄 偱昞偡偺偱偼側偄乯丅丂昗弨宆偺宍幙偵懳偟偰桪惈偺応崌偵偼丆戝暥帤乮Ze,+Ze乯偱丆楎惈偺応崌偵偼丆彫暥帤乮p ,+p 乯偱帵偡丅乮昗弨宆偺僇僀僐偲偼晛捠偺僇僀僐偩偲巚偊偽傛偄丅崟偭傐偄棏丆崟偄媋嶾丆娽忬栦傗敿寧栦傪帩偮梒拵丆敀偄枤
etc.乯
仠扨惈嶨庬戞俀戙乮俥2 乯偵偍偗傞暘棧斾偵偮偄偰
丂撍慠曄堎宆乮楎惈乯偺愒棏傪帵偡宯摑偲惓忢(桪惈乯偺惓忢拝怓棏偺宯摑偺岎嶨偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨俥2
偺棏怓偺暘棧斾偑丆儊儞僨儖偺朄懃乮扨惈嶨庬偺暘棧斾3:1)偵偁偰偼傑傞偐偳偆偐傪専掕偡傞丅
嵽椏丂俙宯摑摑乮愒棏丗re /re 乯偲俛宯摑乮惓忢棏:+re/+re乯偺俥2
丂丂丂丂拲丟俙宯摑偲俛宯摑偺俥1(re /+re) 偼惓忢拝怓棏偲側傞丅
丂丂丂
丂丂 丂丂
丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑丗愒棏丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂B宯摑丗惓忢棏
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑偲B宯摑傪岎旜
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺棏丗棏怓偼惓忢丂乮+/re )
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亰梒拵丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亯梒拵
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亰夐乮+/re )丂丂丂F侾偺亯夐乮+/re )
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂 丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亰夐偲F侾偺亯夐傪岎旜
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F2偺棏丂惓忢拝怓棏偲愒棏偑3丗1偵暘棧偡傞丅
仠扨惈嶨庬偺栠偟岎嶨偵偍偗傞暘棧斾偵偮偄偰
丂撍慠曄堎宆乮楎惈乯偺宯摑偲惓忢宆偺宯摑偲偺岎嶨偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨俥1
偵丆撍慠曄堎宆乮楎惈乯
偺宯摑傪岎嶨偟偨応崌丆暘棧斾偑 1:1偵偁傜傢傟偰偄傞偐偳偆偐傪専掕偡傞丅
嵽椏丂乮俙宯摑亊俛宯摑乯亊俙宯摑丆俙宯摑亊乮俙宯摑亊俛宯摑乯
丂丂丂丂丂 丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑丗愒棏丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂B宯摑丗惓忢棏
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑偲B宯摑傪岎旜
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂嶻棏
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺棏丗棏怓偼惓忢丂乮+/re )丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑丗愒棏丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亰梒拵丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑偺亯梒拵
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂伀
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亰夐乮+/re )丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂A宯摑偺亯夐乮re/re )丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾偺亰夐偲A宯摑偺亯夐傪岎旜
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂F侾亰偵A宯摑亯傪栠偟岎嶨偟偨棏
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂惓忢拝怓棏偲愒棏偑1丗1偵暘棧偡傞丅
寢壥偺張棟
丂暘棧斾偼昁偢偟傕棟榑斾偲傒側偟偰傛偄傛偆側寢壥偲側偭偰偄傞偲偼尷傜側偄丅丂
偦偙偱摑寁揑偵挷傋傞昁梫偑偁傝丆偦偺曽朄偼師偺偲偍傝偱偁傞丅
仜暘棧斾偑2 庬椶偺応崌丂丂丂丂-昗弨岆嵎専掕朄-丂
棟榑悢偲娤嶡悢偺嵎(D)偲丆偁傞棟榑斾偵懳偡傞擇崁暘晍偺昗弨岆嵎(m)偺斾傪媮傔傞丅
側偍丆m偼師幃偵傛偭偰摼傜傟傞丅
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| 昞尰宆悢 | 丂丂丂丂丂丂倫丂丂丂丂丂丂丂 | ||
| 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.02 | |
| 2 | 2.706 | 3.841 | 5.412 |
| 3 | 4.605 | 5.991 | 7.824 |
| 4 | 6.251 | 7.815 | 9.837 |
嶲峫彂丂嶨庬怉暔偺尋媶/儊儞僨儖乮娾攇暥屔丄420墌乯
丂儊儞僨儖堚揱偵娭偡傞傕偺丆摑寁張棟偵娭偡傞傕偺偼偳傟偱傕摨偠偩偲巚偄傑偡丅帺暘偵崌丂偭偨杮傪巊偭偰偔偩偝偄丅懡暘丆儊儞僨儖堚揱偵娭偡傞帠偼崅峑偺帪偺嫵壢彂偱廩暘偱偡丅
偦偺懠嶲峫彂丆壠嶾惗壔妛乛埳摗抭晇丆崺拵堚揱妛乛揷拞媊枦丆壠嶾堚揱妛乛揷拞媊枦丆憤崌嶾巺妛丂乛暉揷婭暥側偳
栠傞
丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂丂